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Electric current often outperforms physical media in fine finishing operations. However, CNC machine shops considering electropolishing must be careful to ensure metal parts retain sufficient levels of stock.

According to Chicago-area service provider , this non-contact, fine-finishing process generally removes between 0.0005 and 0.001 inch of material. How much depends on a manufacturer’s goals, which might range from achieving a certain roughness average (Ra) value, a shiny finish, micro-burr removal, and/or passivation for improved resistance to corrosion, contaminants or fatigue. Manufacturers should also keep in mind that electropolishing material removal can be controlled to within 0.0001 to 0.0002 inch. Adding this range to machining tolerances can provide a general indication of how much stock to leave after machining

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Electropolishing service providers must understand which areas of a part require the most precision because electropolishing is an indiscriminate material remover. Racks of workpieces, positively charged to serve as anodes, are bathed in an electrolyte solution along with negatively charged cathodes. DC current flowing from anode to cathode draws minute fragments of material away from all part surfaces at once. Depending on geometry and other part characteristics, current density at any given point on the surface can vary. As a result, some areas of the rack-mounted parts can shed more material than others. Designing fixtures that ensure uniform current density and avoid leaving critical features undersized — the true art of electropolishing — requires pre-production sampling.

Material

Pre-production sampling is also critical for revealing how different alloy formulations react to the process. Alloys suitable for electropolishing include aluminum formulations, brass, copper materials, carbon steel, titanium, and nickel- and tungsten-based metals. Generally, alloys require removing more stock than non-alloys to achieve the desired result, but precise levels depend heavily on the specifics of the material formulation. For instance, a failed salt-spray corrosion-resistance test after sampling might lead a manufacturer to choose an alternative composition.  

Here is a vegetable peeler blade before and after electropolishing.

Desired Surface Characteristics

To say that electropolishing provides a “smooth, shiny surface” would be accurate, but it is important to distinguish between those two terms. Electropolishing’s effect on a part’s shininess, or brightness, is affected primarily by the material’s chromium-to-iron ratio. However, a part can appear shiny without being smooth. Ra, a common a measure of smoothness, is defined by the average distance between the microscopic peaks and valleys that constitute all surfaces. Electropolishing creates a leveling effect (thus reducing Ra and making the surface smoother) by shaving the peaks. The slower and more controlled the process, the smoother the resulting surface. However, not all shiny parts must be smooth. Manufacturers must be clear about their goals from the outset.

Stock Level Limits

Generally, the more stock removed, the better the results of electropolishing, but only to a certain point. Once a surface’s peaks have been shaved away, the current begins to cut into valleys as well. The surface begins to erode and become rougher rather than smoother.

What does this mean for CNC machine shops? The smoother the part is prior to finishing, the better the result that can be achieved with electropolishing For example, according to the 50-percent guideline in the chart above, 16 Ra is the best possible result with a part that has been machined to 32 Ra. If specifications call for 8 Ra, the part would have to be ground, or undergo some other finishing process, to achieve at least 16 Ra first.

Based on an article by Scott Potter, vice president of sales at .